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[Music]

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[Applause]

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I will introduce mixed in studies at

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mixed Phillip solutions and experimental

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measurements in the is a field of

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probability biotic chemistry from the

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increasing complexity from the ability

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to have the biochemistry critical step

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is the formation of chemical bonds

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between nitrogen and carbon and in the

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absence of enzymatic catalysis on early

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planets this reaction occur with

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difficulties and we suggest that it uses

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nitrogen species of intermediate red

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redox state which are less stable so

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much more reactive than any traitor or

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even ammonium important here is this

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behavior of the nitrogen species annoyed

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the less stable one and we focused on

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hard ways in reduced form of nitrogen

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used in special and nuclear industry

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this species is a reduced form of

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nitrogen and II it is a very efficient

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reducer in aqueous solution but it

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remains stable at low temperature and

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low dimension and in reduced condition

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in order to evaluate its possible in the

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biotech chemistry we connected in

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parallel detailed spacian in alkaline

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and reduced

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solutions that we believed to be

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favorable for the emergence of life and

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laboratory measurements to determine its

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chemical properties let's begin with a

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field data we began analysis 10 years

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ago in paternal Brazil this environment

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characterized by numerous small legs

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saline and

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alkaline legs subjected to evaporation

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and we monitor it the accused's

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chemistry busts in the legs and also in

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deep aquifers from Kissimmee turn I will

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put in here but sorry

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I reported here the ESP H data of the

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lakes and aquifers and on the and we

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found hydrazine in some of the flags one

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legs is representing here the

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concentration of hydrazine versus pH and

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the origin of this hydrogen is not clear

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could be a biotic but also it could be

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from by the decomposition of anammox

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bacteria after the first tentative we

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focused on another context the hyper

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alkaline Springs from by the deep

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integration of continued telomere in

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water wizz with photography quirks we

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have the main currents all around the

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world and we sampled some of them

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continual ones here in almond dizzy

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other side where anammox bacteria can be

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discarded

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we found a rising again you have an

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example of typical Springs with high pH

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pH values there are very extreme in

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italia we found a loss in again in

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similar springs we lost picture and even

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very nice Frank's forming a natural pool

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and two weeks ago we sampled

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alkaline solution from 150 meters def

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bore holes in an aromatic inclusions any

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foreign origin again

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so let's return to the chemistry I

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plotted here in HP atrium all the

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measured data and with annoyed

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in with the situation with high erosion

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and in doing in weather saturation with

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oxygen and the data are very scattered

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but if he used the nitrogen's position

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as a h4 here nitrite and nitrate a

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couple and the nitrate ammonia couple

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the corresponding H value fits the

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highest measured value by by a party

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known problem and we also measure the

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accused oxygen by an oximeter and the

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corresponding we found concentration on

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1 ppm or 0.1 ppm with corresponding pH

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values in here not still here concerning

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hydrazine I plotted here the measured

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values as values the H measured by the

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Platinum problem the highest

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concentrations falls in pH range much

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higher than the values calculated from

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the South a potent cell of oxidation of

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hydrogen here in blue that means suggest

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transients process for the formation of

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the species some words about the

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experiment experimental world I use this

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kind of device designed for hydro

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thermal reactions up to 300 degrees it

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is connected to HPLC prompt to renew the

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solution and equipped with internal

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probes allowing the in situ monitoring

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of H and pH we use it 10 years ago to

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measure of the standard potential for

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the first the decomposition rate of

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hydrazine versus temperature and also pH

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and we found an intra singham species

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and low pH is more stable we

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even suggest a single load to fit the

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data and we also measured the Sun a

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potential of the oxidation of hydrazine

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by processes eh pH data here at high

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temperature because it was for another

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purpose and you have the equilibrate

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reaction in england and corresponding

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nancy question here we continue this

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work at lower temperature and lower pH

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because at low pH in racine is also Knox

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Eliza it is reduced in in ammonium this

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this figure showed that in the

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intermediate eh range hydrazine is not

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stable and it's it is oxidized in in

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nitrogen and reduced in ammonia is

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typical a disproportionation reaction of

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the questions how does it form in an

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extreme either by reduction of nitrate

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or by oxidation of ammonia we test ten

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years ago the reduction of nitrate by

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hydrogen using iron as a catalyst it was

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for another purpose and we found nitrite

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currently experimenting the oxidation of

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ammonia using ion magnetite or imitate

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as catalyst and in someone's with we we

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found twice of hydrazine for the higher

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pH values this rock is not finished and

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this data should be confirmed well

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another question is also produced what

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is the stability of hydrazine with

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respect with other actual species we

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experimented

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several assemblage to test several

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pathways

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I reported here the pollution of ammonia

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against the rest of our lesson I will

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not detail or all these experiments

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the idea is to distinguish between

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different paths while the pure oxidation

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the pure election and the

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disproportionation here the conclusion

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is that the oxidation of hydrogen is

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easy by Acuras oxygen only not by any

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trade for example and even even its

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radiation by hydrogen is not easy it

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requires a catalyst so oxygen is a more

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active species within erosion in the

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natural environment and to conclude the

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using all these data we propose the

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following scheme hydrogen is produced by

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oxidation of ammonia news o face and

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before it is completely oxidized in

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nitrogen it can react with other

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organics in the water to produce amino

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acid and this is currently in

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experimental in tourism

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[Applause]

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we have some time for questions or I

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actually have a question yeah so you

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invoke these of Steel powder yeah

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have you the and that was to degrade the

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hydrazine is that was that the rate or

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to produce the hydrazine I use it first

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to decompose the compost he tried to

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reduced it right in ammonia then I use

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it because I found that it was a

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catalyst so I use it to to reduced

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hydrazine and also to except to oxidized

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ammonia so do you know how flexible the

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system is to the type of powder that you

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use is steel the only type of powder

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that will cause these things or is it

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pretty open that Allah a larger number

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of different metal ions would produce

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the same effect

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I first case I test iron steel different

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kind of iOS in carbon steel and stone in

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the behavior was a little bit different

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and concerning the oxidation of ammonia

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I used different for most of Ireland

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there was just a different because the

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EH pH was different Israel if use carbon

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steel the pH will increase and the eh

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which decreased is imitated different

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and so on and what I'm doing now is to

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test is the different way and to look